Tracking Inequality: Teachers and the Allocation of Educational Opportunities -- by Michela Carlana, Francesca Miserocchi, Eleonora Patacchini

We thank seminar participants at Harvard, LEAP-Bocconi, Sciences Po, Cologne, DIW Berlin, CESifo, Carlos III de Madrid, Tilburg University and the 4th Workshop on Public Policies at the Universitat de Barcelona for helpful comments. Giovanni Paraboschi, Alessandro Fusari, Sara Chiuri, Francesca Rinaldi, Francesco Salerno, Giorgia Cascone, Chiara Broggini, Angela Fiorentino, Michele Herrera, Domenico Maddio, Michelle Palayill and Alvise Scabrosio provided excellent research assistance. We thank Annarita Marzullo and Lucia De Fabrizio from the Italian Ministry of Education (MIM) and Patrizia Falzetti and Paola Giangiacomo from INVALSI for giving us access to the administrative data used in this paper. We are grateful to the teachers who took part in the survey for their collaboration. Carlana acknowledges initial support from the UniCredit Foundation that provided the financial resources to implement this project in 2022-2024. The project is funded by the European Union (ERC, SOFIA, 101117537). Views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. AER RCT Registry ID: AEARCTR-0010758. The project has obtained IRB approval from Bocconi University and Harvard University. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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